Breaking the hard-to-abate bottleneck in China‘s path to carbon neutrality with clean hydrogen（1）

Kuthyola mkangano wovuta kwambiri panjira yaku China kupita ku kusalowerera ndale kwa kaboni ndi haidrojeni yoyera

Maiko monga China akukumana ndi vuto m'njira zawo zosalowerera ndale za carbon: kuchepetsa kutulutsa mpweya m'mafakitale olemera ndi zonyamula katundu.Pali maphunziro ochepa ozama a ntchito yomwe ikuyembekezeka kukhala ya haidrojeni yoyera m'magawo a 'hard-to-abate' (HTA).Apa tikupanga kusanthula kwamitundu yotsika mtengo yophatikizika.Zotsatira zikuwonetsa kuti, choyamba, haidrojeni yoyera imatha kukhala chonyamulira mphamvu zazikulu komanso chakudya chomwe chingachepetse kwambiri kutulutsa mpweya wamakampani olemera.Ithanso mafuta mpaka 50% ya magalimoto onyamula katundu ndi mabasi aku China pofika chaka cha 2060 komanso magawo ambiri otumizira.Chachiwiri, zochitika zenizeni zoyera za haidrojeni zomwe zimafika ku 65.7 Mt za kupanga mu 2060 zikhoza kupeŵa US $ 1.72 thililiyoni ya ndalama zatsopano poyerekeza ndi zochitika zopanda haidrojeni.Kafukufukuyu akupereka umboni wa kufunikira kwa hydrogen yoyera m'magawo a HTA ku China ndi mayiko omwe akukumana ndi zovuta zofananira pakuchepetsa mpweya wotulutsa mpweya kuti akwaniritse zolinga za net-zero.

Kuthetsa kusalowerera ndale kwa mpweya ndi ntchito yofunikira yapadziko lonse lapansi, koma palibe njira yamtundu umodzi kuti mayiko omwe akutulutsa mpweya akwaniritse cholingachi1,2 .Mayiko ambiri otukuka, monga United States ndi omwe ali ku Ulaya, akutsatira njira za decar bonization zomwe zimayang'ana makamaka pa zombo zazikulu zowunikira ma galimoto (LDV), magetsi opangira magetsi, kupanga ndi nyumba zamalonda ndi zogona, magawo anayi omwe amawerengera pamodzi. zambiri zotulutsa mpweya wawo wa kaboni3,4.Zotulutsa zazikulu zakumayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, monga China, mosiyana, ali ndi chuma chosiyana kwambiri ndi zida zamphamvu, zomwe zimafuna kuti zikhazikike patsogolo mosiyanasiyana osati m'magawo okha komanso pakutumiza kwaukadaulo kwaukadaulo wa zero-carbon.

Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwa mbiri yaku China yotulutsa mpweya wa kaboni poyerekeza ndi mayiko akumayiko akumayiko akumayiko akumadzulo ndi magawo ochulukirapo amakampani olemera komanso magawo ang'onoang'ono a ma LDV ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu m'nyumba (mkuyu 1).China ili pamalo oyamba padziko lapansi, pofika pano, popanga simenti, chitsulo ndi chitsulo, mankhwala ndi zida zomangira, kuwononga malasha ochulukirapo pakutentha kwa mafakitale ndi kupanga coke.Makampani olemera amathandizira 31% ya zomwe zikuchitika ku China zomwe zimatulutsa, gawo lomwe ndi 8% kuposa kuchuluka kwapadziko lonse lapansi (23%), 17% kuposa la United States (14%) ndi 13% kuposa la European Union. (18%) (ref.5).

China yalonjeza kuti idzapereka mpweya wake wa carbon chisanafike chaka cha 2030 ndikukwaniritsa kusalowerera ndale kwa carbon isanafike 2060. Malonjezo a nyengo awa adayamikiridwa kwambiri komanso adadzutsa mafunso okhudza fea sibility6 , mwa zina chifukwa cha ntchito yaikulu ya 'hard-to-abate' (HTA) ndondomeko mu chuma cha China.Njirazi zikuphatikiza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu m'mafakitale olemetsa komanso zoyendera zolemetsa zomwe zidzakhala zovuta kuyika magetsi (ndipo motero kusintha mwachindunji ku mphamvu zongowonjezwdwa) ndi njira zama mafakitale tsopano zimadalira mafuta opangira mafuta opangira mankhwala.Pakhala pali maphunziro angapo aposachedwa1– 3 yofufuza njira za decar bonization zotengera kusalowerera ndale kwa kaboni pakukonza mphamvu zonse zaku China koma ndikuwunika kochepa kwa magawo a HTA.Padziko lonse lapansi, mayankho omwe angathe kuthetseratu magawo a HTA ayamba kukopa chidwi m'zaka zaposachedwa7-14.Kuchotsa kaboni m'magawo a HTA ndizovuta chifukwa ndizovuta kuyika magetsi mokwanira komanso / kapena kuwononga mtengo wake7,8.Åhman anatsindika kuti kudalira njira ndilo vuto lalikulu la magawo a HTA komanso kuti masomphenya ndi kukonzekera kwanthawi yaitali kwa matekinoloje apamwamba ndizofunikira kuti 'atsegule' magawo a HTA, makamaka mafakitale olemera kwambiri, kuchokera ku kudalira zinthu zakale9.Kafukufuku wafufuza zida zatsopano ndi njira zochepetsera zokhudzana ndi kugwidwa kwa kaboni, kugwiritsa ntchito ndi/kapena kusungirako (CCUS) ndi matekinoloje olakwika (NETs)10,11.mwa kafukufuku m'modzi amavomereza kuti akuyeneranso kuganiziridwa pokonzekera nthawi yayitali11.Mu Lipoti la Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, kugwiritsa ntchito kwa haidrojeni 'yopanda mpweya wochepa' kunadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwa njira zochepetsera m'magawo angapo kuti akwaniritse tsogolo losatulutsa mpweya wokwanira12.

Mabuku omwe alipo pa haidrojeni yoyera amayang'ana kwambiri njira zaukadaulo wopanga ndikuwunika kwa mtengo wapambali15.('Oyera' haidrojeni mu pepalali akuphatikizapo onse 'wobiriwira' ndi 'buluu' wa haidrojeni, omwe amapangidwa ndi electrolysis yamadzi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yowonjezereka, yotsirizirayi imachokera ku mafuta opangira zinthu zakale koma opangidwa ndi CCUS.) Kukambitsirana kwa kufunikira kwa haidrojeni kumayang'ana kwambiri pa gawo la zoyendera m'maiko otukuka-magalimoto amafuta a hydrogen mafuta makamaka16,17.Kukakamizidwa kwa mafakitale olemera kwachepa poyerekeza ndi komwe kumayendera ma mayendedwe apamsewu, zomwe zikuwonetsa malingaliro odziwika kuti mafakitale olemera atha.
zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti zithe mpaka zatsopano zaukadaulo zitatuluka.Maphunziro a haidrojeni yoyera (makamaka yobiriwira) yawonetsa kukhwima kwake kwaukadaulo komanso kutsika mtengo kwa hydrogen17, koma maphunziro enanso akufunika omwe amayang'ana kukula kwa misika yomwe ingathe kuchitika komanso zofunikira zaukadaulo zamafakitale kuti agwiritse ntchito mwayi womwe ukuyembekezeka kukula wamafuta oyera a haidrojeni16.Kumvetsetsa kuthekera kwa hydrogen yoyera kuti ipititse patsogolo kusalowerera ndale kwa mpweya padziko lonse lapansi kudzakhala kokondera kwambiri ngati kupendekera sikungotengera mtengo wa kupanga kwake, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake ndi magulu okondedwa okha komanso kugwiritsa ntchito kwake m'mabuku otukuka. makamaka pazosankha zaukadaulo wopanga ndikuwunika kwa mtengo wapambali15.('Oyera' haidrojeni mu pepalali akuphatikizapo onse 'wobiriwira' ndi 'buluu' wa haidrojeni, omwe amapangidwa ndi electrolysis yamadzi pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yowonjezereka, yotsirizirayi imachokera ku mafuta opangira zinthu zakale koma opangidwa ndi CCUS.) Kukambitsirana kwa kufunikira kwa haidrojeni kumayang'ana kwambiri pa gawo la mayendedwe m'maiko otukuka-magalimoto amafuta a hydrogen mafuta makamaka16,17.Kukakamizika kwa mafakitale olemera kwachepa poyerekeza ndi komwe kumayendera pamisewu, zomwe zikuwonetsa malingaliro anthawi zonse kuti mabizinesi olemera adzakhalabe ovuta kwambiri kutha mpaka zatsopano zaukadaulo zitayamba.Maphunziro a haidrojeni yoyera (makamaka yobiriwira) yawonetsa kukhwima kwake kwaukadaulo komanso kutsika mtengo kwa hydrogen17, koma maphunziro enanso akufunika omwe amayang'ana kukula kwa misika yomwe ingathe kuchitika komanso zofunikira zaukadaulo zamafakitale kuti agwiritse ntchito mwayi womwe ukuyembekezeka kukula wamafuta oyera a haidrojeni16.Kumvetsetsa kuthekera kwa hydrogen yoyera kuti ipititse patsogolo kusalowerera ndale kwa mpweya padziko lonse lapansi kudzakhala kokondera ngati kuwunika kumangotengera mtengo wa kupanga kwake, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwake ndi magulu okondedwa okha komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake m'mayiko otukuka.

Kuunikira mwayi wokhala ndi haidrojeni yoyera kumadalira kuwunikanso zomwe akufuna ngati mafuta ena ndi chakudya chamafuta m'dongosolo lonse lazamphamvu komanso zachuma, kuphatikizanso kusiyanasiyana kwamayiko.Palibe kafukufuku wathunthu wotere mpaka pano pa ntchito ya haidrojeni yoyera m'tsogolo la China.Kudzaza kusiyana kwa kafukufukuyu kudzathandiza kujambula njira yomveka bwino yochepetsera mpweya wa CO2 ku China, kulola kuwunika momwe angakwaniritsire malonjezo ake a 2030 ndi 2060 ndikupereka chitsogozo kumayiko ena omwe akutukuka kumene omwe ali ndi zigawo zazikulu zamafakitale olemera.

Chithunzi 1 |Kutulutsa kwa kaboni m'maiko ofunikira komanso njira yowunikira ya haidrojeni mumagetsi amagetsi.a, mpweya waku China mu 2019 poyerekeza ndi United States, Europe, Japan ndi India, ndi mafuta.Mu 2019, kuyaka kwa malasha kudatenga gawo lalikulu kwambiri la mpweya ku China (79.62%) ndi India (70.52%), ndipo kuyaka kwamafuta kunathandizira kwambiri kutulutsa mpweya ku United States (41.98%) ndi Europe (41.27%).b, kutulutsa mpweya waku China mu 2019 poyerekeza ndi United States, Europe, Japan ndi India, ndi gawo.Kutulutsa kumawonetsedwa kumanzere ndi gawo kumanja mu a ndi b.Gawo la mpweya wochokera kumakampani ku China (28.10%) ndi India (24.75%) linali lokwera kwambiri kuposa la United States (9.26%) ndi Europe (13.91%) mu 2019. magawo a HTA.SMR, kusintha kwa nthunzi methane;PEM electrolysis, polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis;PEC ndondomeko, photoelectrochemical ndondomeko.

Phunziroli likufuna kuyankha mafunso atatu ofunika kwambiri.Choyamba, ndi zovuta ziti zomwe zimalepheretsa magawo a HTA kumayiko omwe akutukuka kumene monga China, monga amasiyanitsidwa ndi mayiko otukuka?Kodi ukadaulo waposachedwa wochepetsera m'magawo a HTA (makamaka makampani olemera) ndiwothandiza mokwanira kuti akwaniritse kusalowerera ndale kwa kaboni ku China pofika 2060?Chachiwiri, ndi ntchito ziti zomwe zikuyembekezeka kuti hydrogen yoyera ngati chonyamulira mphamvu komanso chakudya m'magawo a HTA, makamaka ku China ndi mayiko ena omwe akutukuka kumene omwe angoyamba kumene kupeza ndikugwiritsa ntchito?Pomaliza, kutengera kukhathamiritsa kwamphamvu kwa ma sys aku China onse

tem, kodi kufalikira kwa haidrojeni yoyera m'magawo a HTA kungakhale kokwera mtengo poyerekeza ndi njira zina?

Apa tikumanga chitsanzo cha dongosolo Integrated mphamvu kuphatikizapo zonse kupereka ndi kufunikira m'magawo onse kusanthula kuyembekezera mtengo ogwira ntchito ndi udindo wa haidrojeni woyera mu chuma China lonse, ndi kutsindika pa madera osafufuzidwa bwino HTA (mkuyu 1c).

Nthawi yotumiza: Mar-03-2023